President Barack Obama's proposed 2012 budget, to be released February 14, is expected to revive proposals to reform tax rules on U.S.-based multinational businesses that encourage outsourcing investments and employment overseas. Obama's 2011 budget similarly aimed to crack down on multinationals' tax-shelter abuses, which critics say divert funds needed to address the U.S. debt burden. Congress is divided on the issue, and similar proposals by the administration previously failed to pass Congress. Some Democratic lawmakers, along with union representatives, believe the proposals will help address a weak job market and troubling budget deficits. But Republican lawmakers, other Democrats, and industry representatives fear higher taxes on U.S.-based multinationals will lead to an exodus of business, investment, and jobs. They argue that multinationals' overseas operations support increased domestic investment and hiring by decreasing companies' costs, expanding their foreign-customer base, and increasing domestic demand for higher-skilled labor.
The Role of Multinationals in the U.S. Economy
The influence of U.S.-based multinationals on U.S. jobs and tax revenues has become an increasing concern for U.S. policymakers and the public. A 2006 paper (PDF) by Kenneth Scheve and CFR's Matthew Slaughter noted over two-thirds of Americans think companies sending jobs overseas is a major reason why the economy is ailing. In a March 2009 paper (PDF), Harvard economist Mihir Desai said more recent polling data suggest those feelings have heightened. In September 2010, the U.S. Senate Democrats introduced legislation to eliminate tax breaks that ship jobs overseas (TheHill). The bill was voted down by Republican lawmakers.
"A lot of jobs are shifting to developing countries like China because a company doesn't want to pay American wages and benefits or operate under health and safety regulations." -- Thea Lee
Employment by U.S. firms in emerging economies including China, Malaysia, and Singapore has grown rapidly in recent years, according to the non-partisan Congressional Research Service (PDF). Employment by U.S. firms in China, for example, grew 153 percent between 2003 and 2008, the most recent year available. U.S. jobs in Asia account for about one-fourth of total employment by U.S. firms abroad. However, multinationals' share of U.S. GDP has remained relatively constant (PDF) since the early 1990s, accounting for roughly $3.5 trillion in goods and services in 2006, about 26 percent of U.S. gross domestic product, according to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (comprehensive data on U.S. multinational companies generally lags current events by several years).
Multinationals' Impact on U.S. Jobs
Obama's tax proposals are based on the idea that multinational tax changes can improve U.S. job growth, with a portion of the tax revenues raised by removing multinationals' overseas tax advantages going to create a permanent tax credit on domestic research and innovation.
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